The Whiskey Rebellion Essay -- American History

The end of the American Revolution wasn’t the end of political turmoil in the United States. In the years after the Revolution, political parties formed and disbanded, rebellions started, and even celebrations became increasingly political. Each political faction had a different idea of what the Revolution meant and what the future of the country looked like. The conflicting views of American politics began to manifest in holiday celebrations, governmental affairs, and even rebellions. The Whiskey Rebellion was created from many issues, not just the excise tax on whiskey. Farmers in western Pennsylvania blocked roads to prevent tax collectors from reaching them and to show their disdain for the taxes placed on the farmers that they couldn’t pay. Western Pennsylvanians felt democracy was being undermined by the state and nationals governments. They also believed the government favored the wealthy. Revolutionary veterans were angered over the payment of war debt IOUS. Most IOUs had been bought by the upper class, which had to power to demand they be paid in full, while they had paid the original owners of the IOUs a fraction of its value. The government obliged them by creating the Funding Act of 1790 to raise money to pay the war debt IOUs. To protest the unfairness of the government, a militia of about 9,000 troops gathered and began a peaceful march to Pittsburgh. Federalists were worried that what had happened to France (revolution and execution of their k ing) would happen to the United States if protest against the Funding Act and whiskey tax wasn’t put down. The protestors didn’t see themselves as insurgents like the Federalists did. They believed they were defenders of liberty. No force was needed by the government though. O... ...Carolina Press, 1997), 129; Lecture notes, November 17, 2011; Waldstreicher, Perpetual Fetes, 129; Eric Nellis, The Long Road to Change: America’s Revolution, 1750-1820 (Ontario: Broadview Press, 2007), 221; Lance Banning, Liberty and Order: The First American Party Struggle, (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2004), 225. Waldstreicher, Perpetual Fetes, 144-147; Bouton, Taming Democracy, 246; Waldstreicher, Perpetual Fetes, 113; Bouton, Taming Democracy, 244-52. Waldstreicher, Perpetual Fetes, 38; Waldstreicher, Perpetual Fetes, 71; Waldstreicher, Perpetual Fetes, 118-23; Lecture notes, November 29, 2011; Waldstreicher, Perpetual Fetes, 92-93; Waldstreicher, Perpetual Fetes, 205. Waldstreicher, Perpetual Fetes, 297. Waldstreicher, Perpetual Fetes, 83-84; Waldstreicher, Perpetual Fetes, 166-68; Waldstreicher, Perpetual Fetes, 232-34; Bouton, Taming Democracy, 250.

How Do the Sacred Texts and Beliefs of Islam or Christianity Essay

How do the Sacred Texts and beliefs of Islam OR Christianity, inform a Religion that is relevant to contemporary adherents? In todays society, unlike many years ago religion is not seen as an important part of peoples lives. People are way to busy or so they think to be ‘wasting their time’ with religion, and church. But for those who do believe in a religion, especially those from the Islamic religion, they take part in a religion that was formed hundreds of years ago, still using and believing in the same scared texts and beliefs. Islamic environmental ethics are drawn from the 3 underpinning principle beliefs, that are the 3 central concepts of Islam and the pillars of Islamic environmental ethics. Tawhid a belief brought upon many many years ago, is the belief of Unity. It believes in the Unity and oneness of all created by Allah and that unity is reflected in the created world, thus the Tawhid demands that the integrity of the created world be maintained by balance and harmony. â€Å"The whole earth has been created a place of worship, pure and clean.– Hadith The Khalifa, belief in Stewardship, is the belief that Allah has made humans responsible for all creation and with this involves appropriate use of resources for human needs. â€Å"It is He that has made you custodians; inheritors of the earth. † (Qur’an Surah 6:165) Akrah is the belief of accountability, Muslims believe that they will be judged on how they have acted, and ones treatment of gods created world. The sources of ethic al teachings, and the relationship between humans and the universe is outlined in the Qur’an, Hadith and Shari’a. It is defined in Qur’an as based on meditation of the universe and what it contains, sustainable utilization and development for human benefit, care and nurture extended beyond humans to the benefit of created beings. The Hajj is an obligation which fulfils one of the five pillars of Islam required of a Muslim at least once in a lifetime for those financially and physically able â€Å"those who can make their way there†. It is a faithful submission to the will of Allah. And pilgrimage to the House is incumbent upon men for the sake of Allah† – Surah 3:96. Before embarking on this miraculous journey, pilgrims must redress all wrongs, organise funds for the journey and the family being left behind, and prepare themselves for good conduct during the Hajj. The Journey then goes for 5 full days, starting officially on the 8th day of Dhul-Hijjah. After completing the Hajj with all rites performed, pilgrims have earned the right to be called al-Hajj or al-Hajji. The Hajj expresses the beliefs of Islam through commemorating important religious events. These include Abraham and his son Ishmael built the Ka’ba, and established the rituals of the Hajj to reflect his life, Muhammad’s last sermon on Arafat, Jamra symbolises Abraham throwing stones at Satan who tried to dissuade him from sacrificing Isaac, and Nahr reflects Allah replacing Isaac with a sacrificial lamb. The Hajj reinforces fundamental islamic concepts with the Five Pillars of Faith. Shahada, the declaration of faith that there is no god but Allah and Muhammed is the messenger of Allah is expressed through the Hajj by Talbiya (a prayer that states the pilgrimage is only for the glory of Allah) and through Mount Arafat (the place of Muhammad’s last sermon, where all are closest to Allah) Salat, the 5 daily prayers is expressed through the Hajj as the Hajj is a period where pilgrims are directly communicating with Allah and Muslims are in actual proximity of the Ka’ba. Zakat, Almsgiving is shown through the Hajj as the meat sacrificed or money given for nahr is distributed amongst family, friends and the poor, it also shows the obligation of the wealthy to the poor and Ihram, which means that money and status are not a factor for pilgrims and that all are equal. Sawm, fasting is expressed through the Hajj as it is a time of prayer, meditation and asking for forgiveness, as well as the Sa’y as it re-enacts Hajar’s search for food; empathy for hunger. Al-Akhira is believed to be the world to come, Muslims believe in an afterlife where they will be held accountable for their lives (Akhra), they believe that by participating in the Hajj there is a greater prospect of reward in the afterlife. The Hajj is not only significant to the individual but also to the community. The Hajj is significant to the individual as the Hajj is an opportunity for Muslims to experience spiritual rebirth and develop a sense of consciousness in Allah. It is also opportunity to reassess and confirm their Islamic beliefs. The Hajj provides opportunity for the pilgrim to improve their spirituality through worship, hardship and salat. It focuses the individual on jihad; sacrificing time, skills, money and struggling against external evils. Enables the pilgrim’s renewal through cleansing from sin. â€Å"whoever performs the Hajj†¦ will come home like a newborn†. The Hajj reinforces Allah’s mercy and compassion as it exceeds His anger by forgiving the sins of the sinful creation by declaring an absolute pardon for every pilgrim upon completion of the accepted rituals of Hajj. The individual strengthens their relationship with Allah and gains a greater understanding of Islamic history and has a better prospect of reward in the afterlife. The Hajj is significant to the community as the Hajj is a sign of unity, equality and a sense of pride in the global umma as they pray together and are equal in the ihram garments. It brings together Muslims of all races to from a fellowship for such a significant practice in the Islamic faith, and the hajj acts as a universal reminder of the blessing of Allah on humanity of our diversity and the brotherhood to worship the one Allah. As the Hajj and Environmental ethics apply themselves with todays contemporary society, the beliefs and sacred texts are used to form ideas of how to look after the environment and why it is necessary to participate in the Hajj.

1927 - 1928 Academy Awards

The very first Academy Awards ceremony was held on May 16, 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel. More of a fancy dinner than the huge, staged ceremony of today, it was the beginning of a grand tradition. The Very First Academy Awards Soon after the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences was founded in 1927, a committee of seven members was given the task of creating an Academy Awards presentation. Though the idea was shelved for nearly a year due to other pressing Academy issues, the plans for an awards ceremony presented by the Awards committee were accepted in May 1928. It was decided that all films released from August 1, 1927 through July 31, 1928 would be eligible for the first Academy Awards. The Winners Were Not a Surprise The first Academy Awards ceremony was held on May 16, 1929. It was a quiet affair compared to the glamor and glitz that accompany the ceremonies of today. Since the winners were announced to the press on Monday, February 18, 1929 - three months early - the 250 people who attended the black-tie banquet in the Blossom Room of the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel werent anxious for the results to be announced. After a dinner of Filet of Sole Saute au Buerre and Half Broiled Chicken on Toast, Douglas Fairbanks, the president of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, stood up and gave a speech. Then, with the help of William C. deMille, he called the winners up to the head table and handed them their awards. The First Statuettes The statuettes that were presented to the first Academy Awards winners were nearly identical to those handed out today. Sculpted by George Stanley, The Academy Award of Merit (an Oscars official name) was a knight, made of solid bronze, holding a sword and standing upon a reel of film. The First Academy Award Winner Wasnt There! The very first person to receive an Academy Award didnt attend the first Academy Awards ceremony. Emil Jannings, the winner for best actor, had decided to go back to his home in Germany before the ceremony. Before he left for his trip, Jannings was handed the very first Academy Award. The 1927-1928 Academy Award Winners Picture (Production): WingsPicture (Unique and Artistic Production): Sunrise: A Song of Two HumansActor: Emil Jannings (The Last Command; The Way of All Flesh)Actress: Janet Gaynor (Seventh Heaven; Street Angel; Sunrise)Director: Frank Borzage (Seventh Heaven) / Lewis Milestone (Two Arabian Knights)Adapted Screenplay: Benjamin Glazer (Seventh Heaven)Original Story: Ben Hecht (Underworld)Cinematography: SunriseInterior Decoration: The Dove / The Tempest

Stears Definition of Tourism - 948 Words

A leisure need is a state of felt deprivation that requires any one or a combination of enjoyable relaxation, entertainment, or self-development activity during otherwise uncommitted time for its gratification. In Stear’s definition of tourism it states that for tourism is undertaken with the major expectation of satisfying leisure needs. The definition from the World Tourism Organization outlines that motives for such travel maybe (1) leisure (recreational, holidays, health, studies, religion, sports); (2) business, family, mission and meeting, from this definition it is evident that there are various travel purposes of a tourist, these include; Leisure and recreation, business, visiting friends and relatives, sport, health, spirituality and study. Leisure and recreation tourism is the stereotypical view of tourism; it includes terms such as vacation, holiday, pleasure, rest and relaxation. It the only travel purpose that Stear’s definition addresses, that is ‘sa tisfying leisure needs’. The majority of visiting friends and relatives is domestic tourism, even though it is the second major travel purpose. ‘Business travel is a form of tourism only if the traveller is not paid by a source based in the destination’ it includes MICE, that is meetings, incentive travel, conventions and exhibitions, but not all of these are categorized as tourism related as meetings and conventions can be categorized as non-business social activities. Sport travel purposes include the travel andShow MoreRelatedDefinitions of Tourism and Tourists1593 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to Smith (1988), an author of a specialist dictionary on tourism, the word ‘tourist’ was introduced in 1800 and the word ‘tourism’ in 1811. However, what exactly is ‘tourism’? Who are ‘tourists’? Researchers and practitioners have produced many definitions for both ‘tourist’ and ‘tourism’ but no definition of either term ha s become extensively recognised regardless of the fact that both terms have now been part of the English language for over two centuries. As indicated by Smith (1988)

Women in Raja Raos Kanthapura - 5333 Words

Towards a Limited Emancipation: Women in Raja Rao s } Kanthapura S E N A T H W . P E R E RA Kanthapura thus far have focussed for the most part on the manner in which the novel characterizes the Indian renaissance under Gandhis leadership. The approaches taken by M . K. Naik and K. S. Ramamurti are typical in this regard. Naik declares, in Dimensions of Indian English Literature, that WIU IS UD T E ^ D NE A N T E RK O F Raja Raos Kanthapura ( 1 9 3 8 ) is easily the finest evocation of the Gandhian age in Indian Englishfiction.This story of a small south Indian village caught in the maelstrom of the Gandhian movement successfully probes the depths to which the nationalistic urge penetrated, and getting fused with traditional†¦show more content†¦Such a reading strategy indeed helps to produce the Other text, which is a narrative hidden from the official story (Said vii). Some crides are not prepared to search for this Other text, however. Shantha Krishnaswamy claims, in The Woman in Indian Fiction in English, that sex does not enter the picture as a differentiating factor (32) in Kanthapura. This cride adds, subsequendy, that nowhere in Raos work d o we find the w o m a n having a role equal to that o f the m a n . S h e neither determines h e r life, n o r defines herself as m a n does. She can be a part o f his transcendent vision only by d e n y i n g h e r own reality. (56) Krishnaswamy is surely wrong to insist that gender is not a determining factor in Kanthapura. The tide of the novel is sufficient indication that women are the major players, and as Meena Shirwadkar—another critic who focusses on the issue of women in Indian fiction in English—so rightly observes, the narrators constant invocation of the goddess Kenchamma ensures that a female principle pervades the novel (87). Krishnaswamys second point is challenging, however, and must be addressed. There can be no doubt that the women follow the directives of their men, initially. They venerate leaders,Show MoreRelatedGandhian Politics and Religion in Raja Raos Kanthapura2519 Words   |  11 Pagesthe creative impetus of the Indian novelists in English. In this paper I will discuss on how Gandhian blending of politics and religion gives an impact on the minds of the Indian masses, especially of the villagers. Taking instances from Raja Rao’s novel kanthapura, I will seek to show how Gandhian political thoughts and teachings come in the guise of traditional religious terms and how it stirs the innocent and superstitious imaginations of the village folk. Gandhian secularism and spiritual teachingsRead MorePioneers Trio of Indian English Fiction4480 Words   |  18 Pagesand its past and filling it with new hopes for the future. A society compelled into self- awareness like this provides a fertile soil for fiction and it is no accident that the three major Indian English novelists- Mulk Raj Anand, R.K. Narayan and Raja Rao, came to light during this phase. It was, in fact, during this period that Indian English fiction discovered some of its most significant themes such as the ordeal of the freedom-struggle, East- West relat ionship, the communal problem and theRead MoreIndian Writing in English1144 Words   |  5 Pagesgeneration of Indian authors, who wrote almost exclusively in English appeared. Starting in 1935 with R.K. Narayan’s most famous collection titled Swami and Friends and Mulk Raj Anand’s Untouchable followed by Raja Rao’s book Kanthapura in 1938.The thing that distinguished Narayan’s, Anand’s and Rao’s works from the Indian authors before them was the use of Indianess in their work which can be very well seen in terms of the words and style they used. They also brought forward the story of the Indian commonRead MoreIndian English Novel17483 Words   |  70 Pagescoming of Raja Rao, R.K. Narayan, Mulk Raj Anand, the journey of Indian English Novel began. The early Indian novels which were merely patriotic gained a rather contemporary touch with the coming of Mulk Raj Anand, Raja Rao and R.K.Narayan. The social disparity of India which was aptly described by Mulk Raj Anand in his Coolie, the imaginary village life with its entire unedited realities in R.K. Narayan`s Malgudi Days and last but not the least the aura of Gandhism depicted by Raja Rao in his

biblio on federalism Essay Example For Students

biblio on federalism Essay French, Stanley G., ed. (1979) Confederation; Philosophers Look at Canadian Confederation/ La confJdJration canadienne: quen pensent les philosophes? Montreal: The Canadian Philosophical Association. Frenkel, Max (1977) Optimizing What? Some Considerations on Federalism, Comparative Research, and Optimal Size of Federal Units. The American Political Science Association. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, D.C., September 14, 1977. (Kleine Institutsreihe, nr. 1). We will write a custom essay on biblio on federalism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Frenkel, Max (1981) Besser? Billiger? emailprotected? Ein Beitrag zur Privatisierungs und Aufgabenteilungsdiskussion. Bern: Peter Lang. (Schriften des Forschungsinstituts fhr F`deralismus und Regionalstrukturen; Riehen/Basel, Nr. 9). Frenkel, Max (1983) Der Beitrag Der Kantone Zur Regierbarkeit der Schweiz. Schweizerisches Jahrbuch fhr Politische Wissenschaft Joint Center for Federal and Regional Studies, Switzerland. (Kleine Insitutsreihe, no. 8). Frenkel, Max (1985) Der F`deralismus in der SchweizEntwicklungen und Tendenzen. Bundesrat Pressespiegel, Bonn, W. Germany. (Kommentare und Meinungen hber die Arbeit des Bundesrates und der emailprotected; Stiftung fhr eidgen`ssische Zusammenarbeit). Frenkel, Max (1986) Federal Theory. Canberra, Australia: Centre for Research on Federal Financial Relations, The Australian National University. Frenkel, Max, and Toni Blaser (1981) Konkordatsregister; Verzeichnis der Ende 1980 Geltenden Interkantonalen Vertraege Mit Einer Kurzdarstellung des Scweizerischen Konkordatsrechts. Forschungsinstitut fhr F`deralismus und Regionalstrukturen, Riehen, Switzerland. (Kleine Institutreihe, no. 4). Frey, Bruno S. , and Iris Bohnet (1994) The Swiss Experience with Referenda and Federalism. IDIOMA; Revue de linguistique et de traductologie:147160. Frieden, Bernard, J., and Marshall Kaplan (1976) Community Development and the Model Cities Legacy. Joint Center for Urban Studies of MIT and Harvard University. Presented at the conference, Toward New Human Rights: The Social Programs of the Johnson and Kennedy Administrations, Austin, TX, September 1216, 1976. (Working Paper, No. 42). Gabriel, Ralph H., ed. (1954) Hamilton, Madison and Jay on the Constitution; Selections from the Federalist Papers. New York: The Liberal Arts Press. (The American Heritage Series, No. 7). Galligan, Brian, and Georgina Lynch (1992) Integrating Conservation and Development: Australias Resource Assessment Commission and the Testing Case of Coronation Hill. Federalism Research Centre, Australian National Univesity, Canberra, Australia.(14) (Discussion Papers, No. 14). Galligan, Brian, and Cliff Walsh (1991) Australian Federalism: Yes or No. Federalism Research Centre, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.(9) (Discussion Papers, No. 9). Gawthrop, Louis C. (1985) Federalism in the Shadow of the New Dark Age. (Working Paper) Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. Generalitat de Catalunya, Institut dEstudis Autonbmics (1990) Seminari sobre la situacib actual del federalisme als Estats Units dAmPrica. Quaderns de Treball. Generalitat de Catalunya, Institut dEstudis Autonbmics, Barcelona, Spain. Generalitat de Catalunya, Institut dEstudis Autonbmics (1992) Seminari sobre el federalisme canadenc. Quaderns de Treball. Generalitate de Catalunya, Institut dEstudis Autonbmics, Barcelona, Spain. (Series, No. 36). Geser, Hans (1981) Bev`lkerungsgr`sse und Staatsorganisation; Kleine Kantone im Lichte ihrer `ffentlichen Budgetstruktur, Verwaltung und Rechtssetzung. Frankfurt/Main, Germany: Peter Lang. (Schriften des Forschungsinstituts fhr F`deralismus und Regionalstrukturen; Riehen/Basel; Nr. 7.). Gilbert, Charles E. (1969) Of Marble Cakes and Stately Mansions. Public Administration Review 29(1):8794. Gillespie, Judith A. , ed. (1982) Combined Readings for Y103; Introduction to American Politics, Spring 1982. Gladstone, Tracey L. The Rhetoric of Balance; James Madison`s Federalist Papers. (Working Paper) Northern State College, Aberdeen, SD. Glass, Harold E. (1977) Ethnic Diversity, Elite Accomodation and Federalism in Switzerland. Publius: The Journal of Federalism 7(4):3148. Glazer, Nathan (1977) Federalism and Ethnicity: The Experiences of the United States. Publius: The Journal of Federalism 7(4):7189. Goldie, L. F. E. (1965) The Boilermakers Case and Glidden Co. vs. Zdanok A Study in Comparative Federalism. Goodin, Robert E. (1994) The Defense of Deadlock. (Institutional Desing Project of the Research School of Social Sciences of the Australian National University). .u91d0d5b38ebd363e41ead65a762fd2be , .u91d0d5b38ebd363e41ead65a762fd2be .postImageUrl , .u91d0d5b38ebd363e41ead65a762fd2be .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u91d0d5b38ebd363e41ead65a762fd2be , .u91d0d5b38ebd363e41ead65a762fd2be:hover , .u91d0d5b38ebd363e41ead65a762fd2be:visited , .u91d0d5b38ebd363e41ead65a762fd2be:active { border:0!important; } .u91d0d5b38ebd363e41ead65a762fd2be .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u91d0d5b38ebd363e41ead65a762fd2be { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u91d0d5b38ebd363e41ead65a762fd2be:active , .u91d0d5b38ebd363e41ead65a762fd2be:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u91d0d5b38ebd363e41ead65a762fd2be .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u91d0d5b38ebd363e41ead65a762fd2be .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u91d0d5b38ebd363e41ead65a762fd2be .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u91d0d5b38ebd363e41ead65a762fd2be .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u91d0d5b38ebd363e41ead65a762fd2be:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u91d0d5b38ebd363e41ead65a762fd2be .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u91d0d5b38ebd363e41ead65a762fd2be .u91d0d5b38ebd363e41ead65a762fd2be-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u91d0d5b38ebd363e41ead65a762fd2be:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Corruption In Famous Last Word EssayGordon, Freeman M. (1980) The Process of Covenant. Workshop on Covenant and Politics, Center for the Study of Federalism, Temple University, Philadelphia. Gordon, Freeman M. (1981) Survival and the PublicPrivate Dimension. Presented at the Seminar on Individuals and Families in Covenant Systems, Workshop on Covenant and Politics, Philadelphia, PA. Gordon, Freeman M. (1983) The Language of Jewish Political Science. Workshop in the Covenant Idea and the Jewish Political Tradition, BarIlan University, Jerusalem, Israel. (Working Paper, no. 24). Gorzelak, Grzegorz, ed. (1988) Regional Dynamics of SocioEconomic Change. Warsaw, Poland: Faculty of Geography and Reional Studies, Institute of Space Economy, University of Warsaw. Govea, Rodger M., and George G. Wolohojian (1975) The Good Federalism Game; Participants Manual for a Simulation of Intergovernmental Relations. Learning Resources in International Studies, Syracuse University, New York, NY. (Learning Packages in the Policy Sciences, no. PS9). Grady, Dennis O. (1984) The American Governor .

Infestation Essays - Point Pleasant Park, Beetle, Spruce

Infestation A little bug is causing a big debate amongst government officials and citizens in the Halifax municipality. The little pest in particular is known as the brown spruce longhorn beetle, and this beetle, native to Europe and believed to have arrived on a container ship about a decade ago, is threatening to ruin Halifax's largest and busiest park, and could have the potential to ruin all of Nova Scotia's, and even Canada's, vast forest is action is not taken. In order to hault the infestation, the Federal Court has given the Canadian Food Inspection Agency permission to cut down as many as 10 000 red spruce trees, many of which are not yet infested at all. Environmental activists such as the Coalition known as Friends of Point Pleasant Park, greatly oppose this idea, and have raised the issue of scientific uncertainty. The question of scientific uncertainty is a predominant issue in the fierce debate towards the cutting. In particular, even though the beetle may have arrived as much as a decade ago, it's harmful effects have only been recognized recently. There simply has not been enough research done to see if the beetle is a problem or if cutting down a whole park is the way to solve it. There is no guarantee that the beetle will cause that much harm or destruction. Sure, scientists would like to better understand the situation, which would require long term studies, but these studies are impractical and almost impossible to perform. We simply can not wait a year to see the effects (if any) the longhorn beetle has, because as with any infestations, humans find it difficult to sit on their hands and watch: especially when a major natural resource, such as trees, is involved. Another scientific uncertainty is that nature is diverse, and understanding is always tentative. Since Point Pleasant Park is isolated in its location by being surrounded by water on three sides and the city on the fourth, it is unlike almost all other forests in the nearby area. Perhaps stronger trees in the wild are better able to cope with the beetle, and also the fact the forest contains more beetle predators, like woodpeckers and other birds, unlike the unique conditions that prevail in the park. An additional scientific uncertainty lies in the fact that the scientists analyzing the park's situation all work for the government, meaning they are going to say what the government wants to do. Many scientists outside the government claim that there is no proof the beetle is the serious threat to the park's red spruce that authorities claim, and that the prevention measures are futile. Besides the high level of scientific uncertainty, other factors that are going to influence the outcome to this conflict can be found on economic, environmental, and political levels. Economically, the federal government would be wasting an incredible amount of money in cutting down 10 000 trees, an amount that many people argue could be better spent in other areas such as healthcare. Also, once the trees are cut down, who is going to finance the planting of new trees? This question has yet to be answered. Environmentally, how will the loss of 10 000 red spruce trees affect other plants and animals in the park? The cutting has the potential to cause a chain-reaction effect, as animal's habitats would be altered immensely. Politically, the impact of cutting will affect everybody who lives near the park or visits it. With cutting down 10 000 trees, there will be a lack of privacy for houses located on the fringes of the park, as before, they provided a year-round natural barrier from busy sections of the park. The park would loose much of it's beauty if the trees were cut, and this one-time sanctuary would be turned into an inhospitable grasslands. Obviously, additional research will solve this problem of scientific uncertainty, yet, as some scientists have stated, this small bug has the potential to ruin one of Canada's largest natural resources, so it is unlikely that long-term research will be performed. The decision to cut may not be a popular choice by activists, yet this little bug could put the province's billion dollar forest industry, and possibly Canada's, in jeporady. Geography